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Frequently Asked Questions
CWNP CWNA-109 Sample Question Answers
Question # 1
You are troubleshooting a problem with a new 802.11ax AP. While the AP supports fourspatial streams, most clients are only achieving maximum data rates of 150 Mbps. What isthe likely cause?
A. The clients are 802.11n devices B. The clients are only two stream 802.11ax clients C. Contention caused by an overlapping BSS D. Non-Wi-Fi interference in the channel
Answer: A
Explanation: The scenario described suggests that while the Access Point (AP) is capable of 802.11ax
(Wi-Fi 6) with four spatial streams, the clients are only achieving data rates typical of
802.11n (Wi-Fi 4) devices, which indicates that the clients are likely 802.11n devices.
Here's why this is the most plausible explanation:
802.11n Limitations: Devices that adhere to the 802.11n standard have lower
maximum data rates compared to 802.11ax devices due to differences in
technology such as modulation, spatial streams, and channel bandwidth. An
802.11n device with a single spatial stream operating on a 20 MHz channel can
achieve a maximum data rate of 72.2 Mbps. Even with two spatial streams under
ideal conditions, this would only double to approximately 144.4 Mbps, which is
close to the 150 Mbps mentioned.
Spatial Stream Capability: The fact that the AP supports four spatial streams
suggests it can achieve much higher data rates with 802.11ax clients that also
support multiple spatial streams. However, if the clients are 802.11n devices, they
may not be capable of using more than two spatial streams, and many earlier
802.11n devices were limited to just one.
The other options are less likely to be the primary cause based on the information
provided:
B. Two Stream 802.11ax Clients: If the clients were 802.11ax with only two spatial
streams, they would likely achieve higher data rates than 150 Mbps due to the
efficiency improvements in 802.11ax.
C. Contention and D. Non-Wi-Fi Interference: While these could affect
performance, they would not inherently limit clients to 150 Mbps,especially in the
context of an 802.11ax environment where mechanisms to handle interference
and contention are more advanced.
References:
IEEE 802.11n-2009: Enhancements for Higher Throughput.
CWNA Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam PW0-
105, by David D. Coleman and David A. Westcott.
Question # 2
An 802.11-based network uses an AP and has several connecting clients. The clientsinclude iPhones, iPads, laptops and one desktop. What WLAN use case is represented?
A. Ad-hoc B. WPAN C. BSS D. IBSS
Answer: C
Explanation: A BSS (Basic Service Set) is a WLAN use case that represents an 802.11-
based network that uses an AP (Access Point) and has several connecting clients. The AP
acts as a central point of coordination and communication for the clients, which can include
iPhones, iPads, laptops, desktops, or any other devices that have Wi-Fi capabilities. A BSS
can be identified by a unique BSSID (Basic Service Set Identifier), which is usually the
MAC address of the AP’s radio interface. A BSS can also be associated with an SSID
(Service Set Identifier), which is a human-readable name that identifies the
You are installing an AP to be used by 27 laptops. All laptops will connect on the 5 GHzfrequency band. A neighbor network uses channels 1 and 6. What channel should be usedfor this AP and why?
A. Channel 6, because it is always best to use this channel B. A 5 GHz channel, because channels 1 and 6 are 2.4 GHz channels they have no impacton the decision C. Channel 1, because it is best to use the channel with the lowest frequency D. Channel 11, because channels 1 and 6 are in use nearby
Answer: B
Explanation: A 5 GHz channel should be used for this AP because channels 1 and 6 are
2.4 GHz channels and they have no impact on the decision. The 5 GHz frequency band
offers more non-overlapping channels than the 2.4 GHz frequency band, which reduces
interference and improves performance. The 5 GHz frequency band also supports higher
data rates and wider channel bandwidths than the 2.4 GHz frequency band, which increases capacity and throughput. The 5 GHz frequency band also has less interference
from other devices and sources than the 2.4 GHz frequency band, which enhances
reliability and quality of service. Therefore, it is recommended to use the 5 GHz frequency
band for WLANs whenever possible. Channels 1 and 6 are two of the three nonoverlapping
channels in the 2.4 GHz frequency band (the other one is channel 11). They
are used by a neighbor network in this scenario, but they do not affect the channel
selection for this AP because they operate in a different frequency band than the 5 GHz
frequency band. Channel 6 is not always best to use; it depends on the interference and
congestion level in the environment. Channel 1 is not best to use because it has a lower
frequency than channel 6; frequency does not determine channel quality or performance.
Channel 11 is not best to use because it is also a 2.4 GHz channel and it may interfere with
channels 1 and 6. References: CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 4: Antenna Systems and
Radio Frequency (RF) Components, page 113
Question # 5
To ease user complexity, your company has implemented a single SSID for all employees.However, the network administrator needs a way to control the network resources that canbe accessed by each employee based in their department. What WLAN feature would allow the network administrator to accomplish this task?
A. RBAC B. WPA2 C. WIPS D. SNMP
Answer: A
Explanation: The WLAN feature that would allow the network administrator to control the
network resources that can be accessed by each employee based on their department
is Role-Based Access Control (RBAC). RBAC is a method of assigning different
permissions and policies to users or groups based on their roles in the organization. RBAC
can be implemented by using VLANs, ACLs, or firewalls to restrict access to certain
network segments or resources. RBAC can also be integrated
with 802.1X/EAP authentication to dynamically assign roles and VLANs to users based on
their credentials. References: [CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official
Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 403; [Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) in
Wireless Networks], page 1.
Question # 6
What is the most effective method for testing roaming in relation to 802.11 VoIP handsets?
A. Use a spectrum analyzer to monitor RF activity during a VoIP call. B. Use a protocol analyzer to capture the traffic generated when a laptop roams. C. Place a call with the handset and move around the facility to test quality during roaming. D. Use the built-in roaming monitor built into all VoIP handsets.
Answer: C
Explanation: The most effective method for testing roaming in relation to 802.11 VoIP
handsets is to place a call with the handset and move around the facility to test quality
duringroaming. This method allows you to evaluate the actual performance and user
experience of VoIP calls over wireless networks, as well as identify any potential issues
such as signal strength, interference, latency, jitter, packet loss, or handoff delays. A
spectrum analyzer can only show you the RF activity during a VoIP call, but not how it
affects the voice quality or roaming behavior. A protocol analyzer can capture the traffic
generated when a laptop roams, but it cannot simulate the characteristics of a VoIP
handset such as battery life, antenna design, codec support, or QoS features. A built-in
roaming monitor is not a common feature in all VoIP handsets, and it may not provide
accurate or comprehensive information about the roaming process. References: [CWNP
Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page
487; [Voice over Wireless LAN 4.1 Design Guide], page 6-19.
Question # 7
What is an advantage of using WPA3-Personal instead of WPA2-Personal as a securitysolution for 802.11 networks?
A. WPA3-Personal, also called WPA3-SAE, uses an authentication exchange and WPA2-Personal does not B. WPA3-Personal, also called WPA3-SAE, uses a stronger authentication exchange tobetter secure the network C. WPA3-Personal, also called WPA3-SAE, uses AES for encryption and WPA2-Personaldoes not D. WPA3-Personal, also called WPA3-SAE, uses a better encryption algorithm than WPA2-Personal
Answer: B
Explanation:
An advantage of using WPA3-Personal instead of WPA2-Personal as a security solution for
802.11 networks is that WPA3-Personal, also called WPA3-SAE, uses a stronger
authentication exchange to better secure the network. WPA3-Personal uses Simultaneous
Authentication of Equals (SAE) as the key exchange protocol, which provides stronger
protection against offline dictionary attacks and password guessing than WPA2-Personal.
SAE uses a Diffie-Hellman key exchange with elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) to
establish a pairwise master key (PMK) between the AP and the client without revealing it to
any eavesdropper. SAE also provides forward secrecy, which means that if one PMK is
compromised, it does not affect the security of other PMKs. WPA2-Personal uses Pre-
Shared Key (PSK) as the key exchangeprotocol, which is vulnerable to offline brute-force
attacks if the passphrase is weak or leaked. Both WPA3-Personal and WPA2-Personal use
AES for encryption, so there is no difference in that aspect. WPA3-Personal does not use a
different encryption algorithm than WPA2-Personal, but rather a different key exchange protocol. References: [CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study
A client STA must choose the best AP for connectivity. As part of the evaluation, it mustverify compatible data rates. What can the client STA use to verify that anAP supports the same data rates that it supports?
A. Beacon frames transmitted by the AP B. Data frames sent between the AP and current clients STAs C. Authentication frames transmitted by the other client STAs D. Probe request frames transmitted by other client STAs
Answer: A
Explanation: The client STA can use Beacon frames transmitted by the AP to verify that
an AP supports the same data rates that it supports. Beacon frames are management
frames that are periodically broadcasted by the APs to announce their presence,
capabilities, and parameters. Oneof the information elements contained in the Beacon
frames is the Supported Rates or Extended Supported Rates, which lists the data rates that
the AP can use for communication. The client STA can compare its own data rates those advertised by the AP to determine if they are compatible. Data frames, authentication
frames, and probe request frames do not contain information about data
rates. References: [CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide:
ExamCWNA-109], page 133; [CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official
Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 123.
Question # 9
The BSA of an AP covers the area used by the sales and marketing department. Thirty-fivestations operate in this space. The users indicate that they need more throughput and allstations are 5 GHz capable 802.11ac clients. The current AP configuration uses 20 MHzchannels in both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. What is the least expensive solution available forincreasing throughput for these users without implementing configuration options that arenot recommended?
A. Use a 160 MHz channel on the 5 GHz radio B. Use a 40 MHz channel on the 5 GHz radio C. Install a second AP in the coverage area D. Use a 40 MHz channel on the 2.4 GHz radio
Answer: B
Explanation:
The least expensive solution available for increasing throughput for these users without
implementing configuration options that are not recommended is to use a 40 MHz channel
on the 5 GHz radio. This solution can double the channel bandwidth and increase the data
rates for the 5 GHz capable 802.11ac clients. Using a 40 MHz channel on the 5 GHz radio
is also less likely to cause co-channel interference or overlap with other channels than
using a 40 MHz channel on the 2.4 GHz radio, which has only three non-overlapping
channels. Using a 160 MHz channel on the 5 GHzradio may provide even higher
throughput, but it may also consume too much of the available spectrum and cause more
interference with other devices or networks. Installing a second AP in the coverage area
may also improve the throughput, but it may require additional costs and
configuration. References: [CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study
When implementing PoE, what role is played by a switch?
A. PSE B. Midspan injector C. PD D. Power splitter287
Answer: A
Explanation:
PoE stands for Power over Ethernet, which is a technology that allows network devices to
receive power and data over the same Ethernet cable. PoE eliminates the need for
separate power adapters or outlets for devices such as IP phones, cameras, or APs. PoE
requires two types of devices: PSE (Power Sourcing Equipment) and PD (Powered
Device). A PSE is a device that provides power to the Ethernet cable, such as a switch,
injector, or splitter. A PD is a device that receives power from the Ethernet cable, such as
an IP phone, camera, or AP. When implementing PoE, a switch plays the role of a
PSE910. References: CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 7: Power over Ethernet (PoE),
page 293; CWNA-109Study Guide, Chapter 7: Power over Ethernet (PoE), page
Question # 11
You have implemented an 802.11ax WLAN for a customer. All APs are four stream HEAPs. The customer states that it is essential that most of the clients can use the OFDMAmodulation scheme. What do you tell the customer?
A. The clients that must support OFDMA must also be upgraded to 802.11ax B. OFDMA is an optional feature of 802.11ax and most APs don't even support it C. All 5 GHz PHYs use OFDM modulation, so you will achieve OFDMA everywhere in 5GHz D. If the devices support 802.11ac, they can be updated to support OFDMA through driverupgrades
Answer: A
Explanation:
OFDMA is a new modulation scheme introduced in 802.11ax that allows multiple users to
share the same channel by dividing it into smaller subchannels called resource units (RUs).
This improves the efficiency and capacity of the WLAN by reducing contention and
overhead. However, to use OFDMA, both the AP and the client must support 802.11ax and
negotiate the parameters of the subchannel allocation. Therefore, the customer needs to
upgrade the clients that require OFDMA to 802.11ax devices12.
The other options are not correct because they do not reflect the reality of OFDMA. Option
B is incorrect because OFDMA is a mandatory feature of 802.11ax for both downlink and
uplink transmissions, and all 802.11ax APs must support it1. Option C is incorrect because
OFDM and OFDMA are different modulation schemes, and OFDM does not allow multiple
users to share the same channel. Option D is incorrect because 802.11ac devices cannot
support OFDMA through driver upgrades, as they lack the hardware and firmware
capabilities to do so2.
References: 1:CWNA-109Official Study Guide, page 144 2: OFDMA
Question # 12
You are tasked with performing a throughput test on the WLAN. The manager asks thatyou use open source tools to reduce costs. What open source tool is designed to perform athroughput test?
A. iPerf B. PuTTy C. IxChariot D. Python
Answer: A
Explanation:
iPerf is an open source tool that is designed to perform a throughput test on the WLAN.
iPerf is a cross-platform command-line tool that can measure the bandwidth and quality of
network links by generating TCP or UDP traffic between two endpoints.iPerf can run as
either a server or a client mode, depending on whether it receives or sends traffic. iPerf can
also report various metrics of network performance, such as throughput, jitter, packet loss,
delay, and TCP window size. To perform a throughput test on the WLAN using iPerf, one
device needs to run iPerf in server mode and another device needs to run iPerf in client
mode. The devices need to be connected to the same WLAN network and have their IP
addresses configured properly. The device running iPerf in client mode needs to specify
the IP address of the device running iPerf in server mode as well as other parameters such
as protocol, port number, duration, interval, bandwidth limit, packet size, etc. The device
running iPerf in server mode will listen for incoming connections from the client device and
send back acknowledgments or responses depending on the protocol used. The device
running iPerf in client mode will send traffic to the server device according to the specified
parameters and measure the network performance. The device running iPerf in client mode
will display the results of the throughput test at the end of the test or at regular intervals
during the test. The results can show the average, minimum, maximum, and instantane throughput of the network link, as well as other metrics such as jitter, packet loss, delay,
An AP is advertised as a tri-band, 4x4:4, Wi-Fi 6, 802. 11ax AP. Based on this informationand assuming it is correctly advertised, what can be determined as certainly true about thisAP?
A. It supports four channels in 2.4 GHz and 4 channels in 5 GHz B. It supports UL-MU-MIMO C. It uses a modified OpenWRT firmware D. It has 4 radio chains
Answer: D
Explanation: Based on the information given, what can be determined as certainly true
about this AP is that it has 4 radio chains. A radio chain is a hardware component that
consists of an antenna, a radio frequency (RF) amplifier, and a transceiver. The number of
radio chains indicates how many spatial streams an AP can transmit or receive
simultaneously using Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology. The notation x:y:z
in an AP specification denotes the number of radio chains (x), the number of spatial
streams (y), and the number of spatial streams per band (z). Therefore, a tri-band, 4x4:4,
Wi-Fi 6, 802.11ax AP has four radio chains in each of its three bands (2.4 GHz, low 5 GHz, and high 5 GHz). It also supports four spatial streams in total and four spatial streams per
band. It cannot be determined as certainly true that it supports four channels in each band,
UL-MU-MIMO, or uses a modified OpenWRT firmware based on the information
given. References: [CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide:
ExamCWNA-109], page 223; [CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official
Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 213.
Question # 14
A WLAN transmitter that emits a 50 mW signal is connected to a cable with 3 dB loss. If thecable is connected to an antenna with 9dBi gain, what is the EIRP at the antenna element?
A. 26 dBm B. 13 dBm C. 23 dBm D. 10 dBm
Answer: C
Explanation:
To calculate the EIRP at the antenna element, we need to add the transmitter output
power, subtract the cable loss, and add the antenna gain. All these values need to be
converted to dBm first, if they are not already given in that unit. In this case, we have:
Transmitter output power = 50 mW = 10 log (50) dBm = 16.99 dBm Cable loss = 3 dB
Antenna gain = 9 dBi
EIRP = Transmitter output power - Cable loss + Antenna gain EIRP = 16.99 - 3 + 9 EIRP =
22.99 dBm
Rounding up to the nearest integer, we get 23 dBm as the EIRP at the antenna
element12. References: CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 2: Radio Frequency
Fundamentals, page 92; CWNA-109Study Guide, Chapter 2: Radio Frequency
Fundamentals, page 88.
Question # 15
What wireless networking term describes the increase of RF energy in an intentionaldirection with the use of an antenna?
A. Directed Radiation B. Beam Digression C. Passive Gain D. Active Amplification
Answer: C
Explanation:
Passive Gain is the increase of RF energy in an intentional direction with the use of an
antenna. It is achieved by focusing the same amount of power into a smaller area, resulting
in a higher power density and a stronger signal. Passive Gain does not require any
additional power or amplification, but rather depends on the antenna’s physical
characteristics, such as size, shape, and orientation. Passive Gain is also expressed in
decibels (dB) and is related to the antenna’s beamwidth and directivity. References: 1,
Chapter 2, page 63; 2, Section 2.3
Question # 16
What frame type is used to reserve the wireless medium for the transmission of high datarate frames that may not be understood by all clients connected to the BSS?
A. RTS B. ACK C. Beacon D. PS-Poll
Answer: A
Explanation:
The frame type that is used to reserve the wireless medium for the transmission of high
data rate frames that may not be understood by all clients connected to the BSS is RTS.
RTS stands for Request to Send and is a control frame that is sent by a station to request
access to the medium for a specified duration. The RTS frame contains the source and
destination MAC addresses, as well as a Network Allocation Vector (NAV) value that
indicates how long the medium will be occupied. The destination station responds with a
Clear to Send (CTS) frame that echoes the NAV value and grants permission to the source
station. All other stations in the BSS hear either the RTS or CTS frame and update their
NAV timers accordingly, deferring their transmissions until the medium is free. The
RTS/CTS mechanism can be used to prevent hidden node problems, reduce collisions,
and protect high data rate frames that use features such as 802.11n or 802.11ac that may
not be compatible with legacy stations. ACK, Beacon, and PS-Poll are not used to reserve the medium for high data rate frames. References: [CWNP Certified Wireless Network
Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 112; [CWNA: Certified
Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: ExamCWNA-109], page 102.
Question # 17
You are configuring an access point to use channel 128. What important fact should beconsidered about this channel?
A. It is a 2.4 GHz frequency band 40 MHz channel, so it should not be used B. It is a 22 MHz channel so it will overlap with the channels above and below it C. It is a channel that may require DFS when used D. It is a channel that is unsupported by all access points in all regulatory domains
Answer: C
Explanation:
It is a channel that may require DFS when used is an important fact that should be
considered about channel 128. Channel 128 is a 5 GHz frequency band 20 MHz channel
that has a center frequency of 5.64 GHz. Channel 128 is one of the channels that are
subject to DFS (Dynamic Frequency Selection) rules, which require Wi-Fi devices to
monitor and avoid using channels that are occupied by radar systems or other primary
users. DFS is a feature that is defined in the IEEE 802.11h amendment and is mandated
by some regulatory bodies, such as the FCC and the ETSI, to protect the licensed users of
the 5 GHz band from interference by unlicensed Wi-Fi devices. DFS works by using a
mechanism called channel availability check (CAC), which requires Wi-Fi devices to scan a
channel for a certain period of time before using it. If a radar signal is detected during the
CAC or while using the channel, the Wi-Fi devices must switch to another channel that is
free from radar interference.
When configuring an access point to use channel 128, it is important to consider the implications of DFS rules, such as:
The access point must support DFS and comply with the local regulations and
standards that apply to DFS channels.
The access point may experience delays or interruptions in its operation due to
CAC or channel switching.
The access point may have limited channel selection or availability due to radar
interference or other Wi-Fi devices using DFS channels.
The access point may have compatibility or interoperability issues with some client
devices that do not support DFS or use different DFS parameters.
The access point may have performance or quality issues due to co-channel or
adjacent-channel interference from other Wi-Fi devices using non-DFS channels.
Therefore, it is advisable to use channel 128 only when necessary and after performing a
thorough site survey and spectrum analysis to determine the best channel for the access
Which IEEE 802.11 physical layer (PHY) specification includes support for operation in the2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz bands?
A. VHT (802.11ac). B. HT(802.11n) C. HR/DSSS (802.11b) D. HE (802.11ax)
Answer: D
Explanation:
The IEEE 802.11ax standard, also known as High-Efficiency Wireless (HEW) or simply HE,
includes support for operation across multiple frequency bands: 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and, with
the appropriate regulatory approvals, the 6 GHz band. This makes option D the correct
answer. Here's how it compares to the other options:
HE (802.11ax): Introduced as an enhancement over previous standards, 802.11ax
is designed to improve efficiency, especially in dense environments. It supports
operation in the 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz bands (the latter pending regulatory
approval in various regions), making it highly versatile and future-proof.
VHT (802.11ac): Very High Throughput, or 802.11ac, operates exclusively in the 5
GHz band. It introduced significant speed improvements over its predecessor
(802.11n) but does not support the 2.4 GHz or 6 GHz bands.
HT (802.11n): High Throughput, or 802.11n, supports operation in both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands. However, it does not include support for the 6 GHz band.
HR/DSSS (802.11b): High-Rate Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum, or 802.11b,
operates only in the 2.4 GHz band. It was one of the early Wi-Fi standards and
does not support 5 GHz or 6 GHz bands.
Given these distinctions, only 802.11ax (option D) supports operation across all three
mentioned bands, aligning with the requirements stated in the question.
References:
IEEE 802.11ax-2021: High-Efficiency Wireless LAN Medium Access Control
(MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications.
Understanding the 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) standard and its implications for modern
wireless networking.
Question # 19
You must plan for POE in an office environment. Which one of these devices is least likelyto be a POE PSE?
A. Midspan multi-port injector B. Switch C. VolP Phone D. Midspan injector
Answer: C
Explanation:
A VoIP phone is least likely to be a POE PSE of the devices listed. POE stands for Power
over Ethernet, which is a technology that allows devices to receive both power and data
over a single Ethernet cable. A POE PSE stands for Power Sourcing Equipment, which is a
device that provides power to other devices over Ethernet. A POE PD stands for Powered
Device, which is a device that receives power from a PSE over Ethernet. A midspan multiport
injector, a switch, and a midspan injector are examples of POE PSEs, as they can
supply power to multiple devices over Ethernet cables. A VoIP phone is an example of a
POE PD, as it can receive power from a PSE over an Ethernet cable. However, some VoIP
phones can also act as POE PSEs for other devices, such as IP cameras or wireless
access points, but this is not very common. References: CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter
8: Wireless LAN Access Points, page 2411
Question # 20
A natural disaster has occurred in a remote area that is approximately 57 miles from theresponse team headquarters. The response team must implement a local wireless networkusing 802.11 WLAN access points. What is the best method, of those listed, forimplementation of a network back-haul for communications across the Internet in thisscenario?
A. 802.11 bridging to the response team headquarters B. Cellular/LTE/5G C. Turn up the output power of the WLAN at the response team headquarters D. Temporary wired DSL
Answer: B
Explanation: Cellular/LTE/5G is the best method for implementing a network backhaul for
communications across the Internet in a remote area that is affected by a natural disaster.
This is because cellular/LTE/5G networks are wireless and do not depend on physical
infrastructure that may be damaged or unavailable in such scenarios. Cellular/LTE/5G
networks also offer high-speed data transmission and wide coverage area, which are
essential for emergency response operations. 802.11 bridging to the response team
headquarters is not feasible because it requires line-of-sight and has limited range. Turning
up the output power of the WLAN at the response team headquarters is not effective
because it may cause interference and does not guarantee reliable
connectivity. Temporary wired DSL is not practical because it requires installing cables and
equipment that may not be available or accessible in a remote area. References: CWNA-
109 Study Guide, Chapter 7: Wireless LAN Topologies, page 2031
Question # 21
The IEEE 802.11-2012 standard requires VHT capable devices to be backward compatiblewith devices using which other 802.11 physical layer specifications (PHYs)?
A. OFDM B. HR/DSSS C. ERP-PBCC D. DSSS-OFDM
Answer: A
Explanation: OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is the physical layer
specification (PHY) that VHT capable devices must be backward compatible with according
to the IEEE 802.11-2012 standard. VHT (Very High Throughput) is aPHY and MAC
enhancement that is defined in the IEEE 802.11ac amendment and is also known as Wi-Fi
5. VHT operates only in the 5 GHz band and uses features such as wider channel
bandwidths (up to 160 MHz), higher modulation schemes (up to 256-QAM), more spatial
streams (up to eight), multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO), beamforming, and VHT PHY and MAC
enhancements. VHT can achieve data rates up to 6.9 Gbps.
According to the IEEE 802.11-2012 standard, VHT capable devices must be backward
compatible with devices using OFDM PHY, which is defined in the IEEE 802.11a
amendment and is also used by IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n, and IEEE 802.11h
amendments. OFDM operates in both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands and uses features
such as subcarriers, symbols, guard intervals, and OFDM PHY and MAC enhancements.
OFDM can achieve data rates up to 54 Mbps.
Backward compatibility means that VHT capable devices can interoperate with OFDM
devices on the same network by using common features and parameters that are
supported by both PHYs. For example, VHT capable devices can use a channel bandwidth
of 20 MHz, a modulation scheme of BPSK, QPSK, or 16-QAM, one spatial stream, no
beamforming, and OFDM PHY and MAC headers when communicating with OFDM
devices. Backward compatibility also means that VHT capable devices can fall back to
OFDMmode when the signal quality or SNR is too low for VHT mode. References: 1,
Chapter 3, page 123; 2, Section 3.2
Question # 22
You administer a small WLAN with nine access point. As a small business, you do not ruma RADIUS server and use WPA2-Personal for security. Recently, you changed thepassphrase for WPA2-personal in all Aps and clients. Several users are now reporting theinability to connect to the network at time and it is constrained to one area of the building.When using scanner, you see that the AP covering that area is online
A. The AP that covers the problem area requires a firmware update B. The clients are improperly configured C. The AP that covers the problem area has failed D. The AP that covers the problem area is improperly configured
Answer: B
Explanation: This is because the passphrase for WPA2-Personal is case-sensitive and
must match exactly on both the AP and the client. If the passphrase is entered incorrectly
on the client, the client will not be able to authenticate with the AP and connect to the
network. The AP that covers the problem area is not likely to require a firmware update,
fail, or be improperly configured, as it is online and works with other clients that have the
correct passphrase. To troubleshoot this issue, you can check the passphrase settings on
the clients and make sure they matchwith the AP. You can also try to reconnect the clients
to the network or reboot them if necessary. For more information on how to configure
WPA2-Personal on your router
Question # 23
Which one of the following 802.11 PHYs is more likely to be used in an industrialdeployment but not likely to be used in standard office deployments?
A. S1G B. VHT C. OFDM D. HT
Answer: A
Explanation: S1G is one of the 802.11 PHYs that is more likely to be used in an industrial
deployment but not likely to be used in standard office deployments. This is because S1G stands for Sub-1 GHz, which means it operates in the frequency bands below 1 GHz, such
as 900 MHz and 868 MHz. These bands offer better penetration and range than the higher
frequency bands used by other 802.11 PHYs, such as 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. This makes
S1G suitable for industrial applications that require robust and reliable wireless
communication in harsh environments, such as factories, warehouses, mines, and smart
grids. S1G also supports low-power and low-data-rate devices, such as sensors, actuators,
and meters, which are common in industrial Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios. VHT,
OFDM, and HT are other 802.11 PHYs that are more commonly used in standard office
deployments, as they offer higher data rates and capacity than S1G, but have lower range
and penetration. References: CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 3: Radio Frequency
Technologies, page 751
Question # 24
You have been tasked with creating a wireless link between two buildings on a singlecampus. The link must support at least 150 Mbps data rates. What kind of WLANtechnology role should you deploy?
A. WPAN B. IBSS C. Wireless bridging D. Access BSS
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